TB-500 Script

> CAT REFERENCES :: 20 RECORDS // ALL VERIFIABLE

TB-500 references and citations — the full source record.

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of these records: PubMed studies on thymosin beta-4, and the FDA pages behind the 503A status. Indexed and linkable.

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How this record is cited

This is the index of TB-500 references and citations behind every claim on the site. Every quantitative statement — every dose, percentage, residue count, molecular weight, and regulatory fact — resolves to a numbered record below. The peptide-science citations are PubMed-indexed studies on thymosin beta-4 and its fragment; the regulatory citations are FDA pages and one law-firm analysis, each verified against a live primary source.

The single most important thing to read in this list is the species and molecule column. The majority of the efficacy citations — wound healing [3], cardiac repair [2], angiogenesis [14] — were generated with full-length thymosin beta-4, not the TB-500 heptapeptide. That is why the site flags the fragment-versus-protein distinction throughout: it is in the sources, not invented for emphasis.

  1. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  2. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  3. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  4. Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. ↗
  5. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  6. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  7. Qiu P, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. J Cell Physiol. 2007;212(2):548-558. ↗
  8. Sosne G, et al. Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway. Exp Eye Res. 2007;84(4):663-669. ↗
  9. Stark C, et al. Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury. Front Pharmacol. 2013;4:149. ↗
  10. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  11. Lee Y, et al. Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:5959-5974. ↗
  12. Wei Y, et al. Inhaled exogenous thymosin beta 4 suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2024;76(12):1594-1605. ↗
  13. Chen Y, et al. Thymosin β4 released from functionalized self-assembling peptide activates cardiac cells and promotes cardiac repair. Theranostics. 2021;11(10):4974-4992. ↗
  14. Zhang Y, et al. Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascularized wound repair. Mater Today Bio. 2025;32:101585. ↗
  15. Su Y, et al. Thymosin β4 promotes zebrafish Mauthner axon regeneration by facilitating actin dynamics. BMC Biol. 2024;22(1):238. ↗
  16. FDA. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory-committee calendar. Lists 'TB-500 (free base),' 'TB-500 acetate,' BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List (scheduled discussion, not a decision). ↗
  17. FDA. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Lists 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500' in Category 2 (effective with the September 29, 2023 update), citing potential immunogenicity for certain routes and a lack of important safety information. ↗
  18. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Definitions of the 503A/503B framework and Category 1 / Category 2; statement that substances nominated on or after January 7, 2025 are not placed into these categories. ↗
  19. McDermott Will & Emery. End of an Era: FDA Retires 2017 Interim Policies for Bulk Drug Lists. Legal analysis of the January 7, 2025 FDA action confirming that existing Category 1 substances retain enforcement discretion while Category 2 substances do not regain it even with updated nominations. ↗
  20. FDA. Compounding and the FDA: Questions and Answers (Section 503A patient-specific compounding and Section 503B outsourcing facilities). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Basis for the lawful access pathway: licensed-prescriber evaluation and valid patient-specific prescription, dispensed by a 503A pharmacy or 503B outsourcing facility, using only eligible bulk substances. ↗